Since the 21st century, the development and utilization of biomass materials have been gradually gaining attention in the world. The shortage of forest resources necessitates the expansion of horizons to include crop stalks, bamboo and wild plant stalks. Biomass refers to natural polymers that are produced and used from renewable resources produced by carbon dioxide through photosynthesis and are capable of natural degradation. Its main chemical composition, like wood, is a natural organic complex composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. According to the type of substrate can be divided into: laminated composite material, mixed composite material, infiltration generated composite material, etc. According to the reinforcement toughness property, it can be further divided into: particle-reinforced composites, whisker-reinforced fibers and fiber-reinforced composites. These raw materials, which are processed and developed through complex physical, chemical and biological technologies, have excellent performance, energy saving and environmental protection, complete variety and high added value, and are composite materials with new modern technological characteristics.
Biomass materials have degradable properties
Biomass materials are renewable plant materials containing mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and their related waste materials that can be naturally degraded in nature into harmless organic substances to be absorbed and used by the soil. The production of biodegradable biocomposites and the residues after they become waste products also do not cause secondary pollution. This biomass material is a completely environmentally friendly composite material compared with wood composite material produced using synthetic resin, which is in line with the development direction of modern decorative materials. Its waste after utilization can be harmlessly treated after recycling and can be degraded under certain temperature and humidity conditions.
With the increasing attention to ecological environmental protection and sustainable utilization of resources, the research on degradable biomass composites will continue to deepen. The abundant raw material resources of biomass materials provide a reliable guarantee for the development of biomass materials.
Biomass composites are green and environmentally friendly
Biomass composites are widely used in the building decoration industry, both indoor and outdoor biomass composites can be applied. Typical biomass materials are mainly primary biomass materials such as wood chips, bamboo, wheat straw, peanut shells, cotton stalks and other primary biomass materials as the main raw materials, processed and shaped by a special process, a reversible recycling, form and structure of diverse basic materials.
These materials not only do not damage the environment, but also protect our forest resources, and are green and non-polluting, with no toxic gases released.
The mechanical properties of these composites fully meet the requirements of building decoration materials, and the scope of use is expanding, not only as building formwork materials, but also as building decoration structural materials, etc. In interior decoration, it can be used as ceiling material, wall material and flooring material, etc.
Several main features can be summarized as follows:
1. high utilization efficiency, its raw materials to achieve the comprehensive use of resources and effective use;
2. wide range of application, according to the use of the requirements of the production of different properties and shapes of products;
3. energy saving and environmental protection, wood / plastic substrates, common additives and finished products are safe and environmentally friendly;
4. good economic efficiency, the transfer of low-value materials to high value-added products;
5. renewable, its end-of-life products and recycled waste can be 100% reused. Its end-of-life products and recycled waste can be 100% reused.
Application of biomass composites in building decoration
Biomass-polymer compound materials are multiphase materials composed of thermosetting or thermoplastic resins as the base material and other biomass materials. Commonly used reinforcing fiber materials include biomass fiber, glass fiber, carbon fiber, high density polyethylene fiber, etc. Polymer matrix composites have low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, good vibration damping performance, high modulus, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, which is a high-performance engineering composite material widely used in various aspects of industry and construction.
Biomass-polymer composites, on the other hand, are a new type of material produced by processing biomass materials and polymer substrates. This polymer-based composite material is widely used in architectural decoration, transportation, and environmental protection sporting goods.
There are many types of panels processed from biomass-polymer composites, which are also the most commonly used materials in building decoration.
There are mainly laminated laminates, hybrid laminates and permeable laminates. These materials can be used in large quantities in furniture manufacturing and architectural decoration. These biomass - polymer composites for furniture manufacturing is already a very mature industry, while the application in civil building decoration materials will be an important and potential market. These materials can be widely recognized by the market as heat insulation and thermal insulation, anti-corrosion, and decorative effect materials.
The surface of biomass polymer composites can be decorated with wood grain and other decorative patterns, giving it a visual effect similar to that of wooden doors and windows, which satisfies people's sensory requirements and is more durable than wood. In the interior decoration of the floor is often a big project in the decoration, biomass polymer composite materials do not use any glue private agent, as flooring, decorative panels do not produce formaldehyde and other volatile organic pollutants, decorative works can be moved in after the end of the project, do not have to worry about indoor air pollution to cause harm to the body. And because it has the performance of water resistance, decay resistance, friction resistance, etc., it can be used for indoor flooring, bathroom flooring and other indoor with high-grade but moderately priced decoration materials, which is incomparable to the traditional artificial board.
In addition to being used in indoor decoration, biomass polymeric materials are also used extensively in landscape decoration. Leisure tables and chairs, flower boxes, tree boxes, fruit bins, garbage cans, gazebos and other outdoor products and landscapes made of biomass polymeric composites have textures and colors extremely similar to those of wood, giving people a natural and comfortable feeling, and are better than anticorrosive wood in terms of water resistance, moisture resistance, corrosion resistance, insect resistance and weather resistance.
The majority of gardens and curb chairs in some cities use biomass polymer composites. It offers advantages in terms of complex structures, diverse shapes, colorful products, etc. It provides great creative space for landscaping and allows designers to create garden artwork that is more beautiful and chic than solid wood materials.
Biomass polymeric materials are also used extensively in interior home products. Before the introduction of biomass-polymer composites, the materials used for furniture had been mainly solid wood and wood-based man-made panels. As the large format man-made board can easily and directly produce furniture panels, drawer bases and other parts of traditional solid wood furniture that need to be spliced, improving the efficiency of furniture manufacturing. Although wood-based man-made panels are now commonly used in the furniture manufacturing industry, the application of formaldehyde system glue private agent, which causes some pollution to the using environment, has limited its development and is mainly used to produce low-grade furniture.
The emergence of biomass polymer composites, while retaining the extremely vital texture and beautiful appearance of natural wood, overcomes the disadvantages of natural wood in use exposed to deformation, warping, mildew and susceptibility to insects and ants, and is more suitable for indoor and outdoor furniture because it is free of volatile organic pollutants such as formaldehyde. Various kinds of furniture can be made from biomass polymer composites, such as tables, chairs, sofas, bed cabinets, bookshelves, clothes boxes, coffee tables, screens, basin racks, newspaper racks, etc. In addition to these uses, biomass-polymer composites have high specific strength and modulus, and their moisture, corrosion and mold resistance is better than that of wood composites, so they can be used for various indoor and outdoor decking, construction formwork, flooring, guardrails, etc.
Application of biomass inorganic composites
Biomass inorganic composite materials mainly refer to the new material types of biomass materials such as wood fiber, bamboo fiber, hemp fiber and crop straw compounded with inorganic materials. Biomass inorganic composites have a long history of application and are derived from natural fibers of plants, such as rice straw, grass and wheat straw, etc. Some developing countries still use rice straw as a fiber material for reinforced mortar bricks. Due to the cheap price of plant fibers, abundant materials and non-polluting environment, more countries are interested in the research of plant fiber-reinforced concrete. In addition biomass inorganic materials produced by adding fly ash and slag to biomass inorganic composites are also beginning to be used in large quantities. These materials are mainly used in construction for composite materials, flat panels, interior and exterior wall panels, and blocks. The main advantages of biomass inorganic composites are light weight, heat insulation, sound absorption, environmental friendliness, and low price. Biomass fiber inorganic composites are mostly used in the process of modern building decoration for wall panels, partitions, coverings, ceilings, floors, balcony guards, window sill panels, steel bracket protection panels, ventilation ducts, waste well walls, pipe pit guards, garden fence wall building elements, fire retardant furniture, kitchen equipment, high temperature house liners, bathroom tile base, etc.
Cement-based biomass composites are materials made of plant fibers or shavings mixed with cement and pressed into shape, with the cement equivalent to the adhesive, and the fibers and shavings as filling materials.
Due to the low price of plant fiber, abundant materials and simple production process, plant fiber can enhance the performance of cementitious composites, and this material with excellent mechanical properties has been better applied. These cement building materials are strong, do not warp or rot, and are not affected by termite hazards; they can also improve the sound insulation capacity and thermal insulation of buildings, and their market potential is huge.
When biomass inorganic composite materials are used in interior wall decoration, the installation process is basically the same as that of paper-faced gypsum board.
It has the following kinds: 1. Cement particle board, which is a man-made board with smooth surface and dense structure pressed by wood particle and cement as the main raw material, has been widely used in many countries. Cement particle board integrates the excellent characteristics of both wood and cement and has excellent properties such as low density, high strength and good flame retardancy; the board does not contain any harmful chemical substances and is non-polluting to the environment and indoor air; it has good weather resistance, ant resistance, antibacterial, waterproof, frost resistance and mechanical processing properties. Because of the above characteristics and easy installation combination, cement particle board is widely used in industry, agriculture and civil construction, such as interior and exterior wall panels of buildings, ventilation channels, highway sound insulation walls, pipe pit guards, garden fence walls, underground waterproof structures and high-temperature house liners, building templates, etc. 2. Wood shredded material and cement composite material, this composite material is generally divided into wood shredded cement board and wood shredded cement hollow material. Wood chipped cement composites were the first to be used in Europe, and cement particle board and wood chipped cement composites are the same type of process developed in the same period. This material has a high porosity and contains a wood material component with a high energy absorption capacity. Wood shredded cement composites have good thermal insulation properties, and in general, the higher the porosity, the better the thermal insulation properties. Due to the large amount of cement content in it, wood shredded cement composites have good fire retardant properties. Wood shredded cement composites are used in construction projects for roofing panels, partition panels, flooring, exterior wall coverings, mobile homes, house sound insulation panels, highway sound insulation panels, building wall blocks, construction formwork and interior decoration.
The production and processing of gypsum particle board is basically similar to that of cement particle board, which mainly uses gypsum instead of cement as the internal glue private agent. Gypsum material has the advantages of light weight, good flame retardancy, small heat transfer coefficient, low price, etc. The main disadvantage is that it is relatively brittle, the production of wood raw materials to make up for its lack of plasticity. The gypsum used in gypsum chipboard is generally construction gypsum, whose main component is calcium sulfate hemihydrate, which will generate calcium sulfate dihydrate after absorbing water, and these raw gypsum are interwoven into a net-like structure, which has a certain strength. Gypsum particle board belongs to the category of green building materials and has a wide market. It is also possible to replace shavings with wood fiber yarn, and this product is called gypsum wood wool board, whose properties and uses are basically the same as gypsum particle board.
Slag particle board is pressed with the slag of blast furnace iron making, which has sufficient raw material source, low cost and short production cycle, and is suitable for general particle board production line to promote the application. Slag particle board is a new type of particle board made of slag powder and shavings as raw materials, adding water and a small amount of active agent, mixing, molding and hot pressing. Its physical and mechanical properties are similar to those of cement particle board, and it also has good heat insulation, thermal insulation and sound absorption properties, which can be used for roofing panels, simple houses and high-rise buildings.
Fly ash cement particle board also has excellent performance, has a wide range of uses in the building, its specific applications are as follows: 1. The exterior wall panels of high-rise buildings, with steel pieces as load-bearing parts, with fly ash cement particle board as enclosure, the house has the advantages of easy and rapid installation, easy maintenance, shallow foundations, low cost, good seismic performance, etc.. The walls of high-rise buildings can meet the requirements of fire prevention and greatly reduce the self-weight of the building. 2. External load-bearing walls and internal walls of buildings, suspended ceilings, etc. Fly ash cement particle board is very suitable for movable partition wall, and it can be made into partition wall with storage function. 3. fireproof doors, outdoor furniture and underground engineering materials to meet the requirements of fireproof, moisture-proof and mold-proof. 4. anti-static flooring, with good anti-static performance, can be applied as anti-static flooring.
Application of biomass metal matrix composites
Biomass metal matrix composite is a sheet pressed by compounding biomass fiber and shredded material with metal mesh, metal wire and metal powder in a certain ratio, which has anti-static function. As the precision instrument room, machine room, etc. have high requirements for dust and static protection, anti-static flooring should be used. Such as computer equipment machine room, locker room, operation room, etc. The wood-metal composite has good electrical conductivity and retains the properties of wood such as temperature regulation, humidity regulation and sound insulation, as well as high physical and mechanical strength and surface wear strength, so the composite can be used as antistatic flooring. At present, electromagnetic radiation has become the "fourth source of pollution" after the gas, water, noise pollution, is the invisible killer of human health, and wood-metal composite materials are light in mass, high strength-to-weight ratio, moisture, sound insulation and good decorative, and has a very high electromagnetic shielding effect. This material is widely used in the construction of confidential institutions such as national security agencies, embassies and consulates abroad and the residence of some senior talents, etc. It is also used in the decoration of computer rooms of commercial institutions such as banks, insurance companies and communication companies where information is kept confidential to prevent information leakage.
Basic characteristics and development prospects of future biomass composites
With the support of new technologies, the development of biomass decorative materials will be improved and developed in several aspects. Its specific development direction includes several aspects: 1. Research and application of biomass carbon composites, whose main advantages are fire resistance, anti-corrosion and mildew resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, good vibration resistance and other advantages. For example, research on the physical properties, mechanical properties and special functions of bamboo charcoal and other biomass charcoal shows that bamboo charcoal and other biomass charcoal are environmentally friendly and multifunctional materials. This biomass composite material is environmentally friendly and energy-saving, with outstanding mechanical strength, and has a promising future for use in architectural decoration. 2. The development and application of new wood materials and inorganic biomineralized composites, the general object of wood modification research is for the felled wood, the process treatment of wood in the factory, is an after-the-fact remedy for the defects that exist in the wood itself. Biomineralization is the study of living standing wood, and such material modification is conceptually new, combining tissue structure and different functional cells to form a "living" material. The introduction of biomineralization into the field of wood modification is a new wood modification technology that changes the research object from "dead" cells to "living" materials. This is not only efficient but also environmentally friendly, and will certainly promote new developments in traditional wood modification technology. This is a new type of material processing that modifies wood into the type of material needed for building decoration.
Organisms can find various inorganic substances such as silica, calcium carbonate, etc. from the external environment and guide these substances to crystallize in a directional manner, forming groups of complex structures with different morphologies such as fibrous structures, interlaced structures, leaf-like structures, etc., and combining them with their own polymers to form composites, and the term "biomineralization" is used scientifically to describe the process of forming these complex structures. The wood itself can absorb inorganic substances such as silica, calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate from the external environment and then form a composite material with itself, i.e. wood inorganic biomineralized composite. The exploration of wood inorganic composites based on the principle of biomineralization has been carried out for many years and some results have been achieved, but large-scale applications have not yet started.
Research and development in wood science and technology will focus more on the improvement of the basic properties of wood materials and on giving them new functions. The research of wood inorganic silica composite material is based on the study of living wood, and sodium silicate or orthosilicate vinegar or its silica material is added to the wood by certain methods. It is precipitated in the cell wall of the wood and becomes one of the wood cell inclusions, and finally forms the wood inorganic mass biomineralized composite material.
Therefore, in order to adapt to the changes in the structure of wood resources, we should break through the traditional connotation of wood timber research, open up new extensions, and promote the technological progress and development of functional improvement of plantation bamboo forests, and the future development of biomass composites will develop even further to meet the needs of social development.
